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Annambhotla,
V.S. Shastri, W.W.
Sayre, and R.H. Livesey.
(1972). "Statistical Properties of Missouri
River Bed Forms." Researchers discuss the statistical techniques
used to determine bed form dimensions from a portion of the Missouri River
at Omaha, Nebraska.
Bovee, K.D.,
and M.L. Scott. (2002). "Effects
of Flow Regulation on the Upper Missouri River, USA: Implications
for Flood Pulse Restoration." "The authors
developed a mass balance flow model to reconstruct unregulated daily peak
flows in the National Wild and Scenic reach of the Missouri River, Montana.
Results indicated that although the observed frequency
of large peak flows has not changed in the post-dam period, their magnitude
has been reduced from 40 to 50% as a consequence of flow regulation. Reductions
in the magnitude of these flows should reduce the expected frequency of
large flood-pulses over a longer time-scale. Results
of a two-dimensional hydraulic model indicated that limited cottonwood
(Populus deltoides subsp.
Monilifera)
recruitment occurs at relatively small peak discharges, but to maximize
establishment of cottonwoods in the Wild and Scenic reach, a threshold
of 1,850 m3/s would be necessary
at the Virgelle gauge. Floods
of this magnitude or greater lead to establishment of cottonwood seedlings
above the zone of frequent ice-drive disturbance. Restoring
the frequency, magnitude, duration, and timing of these flood pulses would
benefit important natural resource values including riparian cottonwood
forests and native fish species in the upper Missouri River basin. However,
efforts to naturalize flow must be made in the context of a water management
system that was authorized and constructed for the primary purposes of
flood control, power generation and irrigation. Using
the synthesized flow model and flood damage curves, the authors examined
six scenarios for delivering flows >
1,850 m3/s to the Wild and
Scenic reach. Whereas some scenarios appeared to
be politically and economically infeasible, the authors' analysis suggested
that there is enough operational flexibility in the system to restore
more natural flood pulses without greatly compromising other values."
Galat,
D.L., L.H. Frederickson,
D.D. Humburg, K.J.
Bataille, J.R. Bodie,
J. Dohrenwend, G.T. Gelwicks,
J.E. Havel, D.L. Helmers,
J.B. Hookers, J.R. Jones, M.F.
Knowlton, J. Kubisiak, J. Mazourek,
A.C. McColpin, R.B.
Renken, and R.D. Semlitsch.
(1988). "Flooding to
Restore Connectivity of Regulated, Large-River Wetlands: Natural
and Controlled Flooding as Complementary Processes Along the Lower Missouri
River." "Managed, or controlled, flooding
is actively practiced along the lower Missouri River. Controlled
flooding is, however, restricted to small parcels of intensively managed
public lands and largely benefits migrant waterbirds. In
this article, the authors provide a historical perspective on the development
of controlled flooding and intensive wetland management as natural flooding
disappeared along the lower Missouri River."
"Historic
Floods on the Missouri River: Fighting the Big
Muddy in Nebraska." The article describes
the devastation of several major floods along the Missouri River and the
ineffective attempts to control the river.
Holly
Jr., F.M., and M.F.
Karim. (1986). "Simulation
of Missouri River Bed Degradation." The authors
speak about their predictions of the future course of bed degradation
in the middle Missouri River. Their findings, through
the use of numerical simulation techniques, show that the "worst
of the degradation is now over, and that it is the channelization, rather
than upstream regulation, which is primarily responsible for the degradation."
Hotchkiss,
R. H., S.F. Jorgensen, M.C. Stone,
and T.A. Fontaine. (2000).
“Regulated River Modeling for Climate Change Impact Assessment: The
Missouri River." "The Great Plains of
the United States, drained primarily by the Missouri River, are very sensitive
to shifts in climate. The six main stem dams on
the Missouri River control more than one-half of the nearly 1.5 million
square kilometer basin and can store three times the annual inflow from
upstream. The dams are operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers using
a Master Manual that describes system priorities and benefits. The complex
operational rules were incorporated into the Soil and Water Assessment
Tool computer model (SWAT). SWAT is a distributed parameter rainfall-runoff
model capable of simulating the transpiration suppression effects of CO2
enrichment. The new reservoir algorithms were calibrated using a 25-year
long historic record of basin climate and discharge records. Results demonstrate
that it is possible to incorporate the operation of a highly regulated
river system into a complex rainfall-runoff model. The algorithms were
then tested using extreme climate scenarios indicative of a prolonged
drought, a short drought, and a ten percent increase in basin-wide precipitation.
It is apparent that the rules for operating the
reservoirs will likely require modification if, for example, upper-basin
precipitation were to increase only ten percent under changed climate
conditions."
Johnson,
H., R. Jacobson, and A. Delonay. (2006). “Hydroecological
Modeling of the Lower Missouri River." "The
Lower Missouri River (LMOR) has been altered in both
its channel form and flow regime by channelization and upstream dams.
As a result, habitat availability for many fish
species has been greatly modified or lost… To
evaluate habitat availability on the LMOR, we developed
a 2-dimensional, depth-averaged hydrodynamic model of a representative
8-km reach near Boonville, Missouri. The
model provides an inventory of hydraulic habitat over discharges ranging
1-99% flow exceedance….”
Johnson,
W.C., P.W. Reiley,
L.S. Andrews, J.F. McLellan,
and J.A. Brophy. (1982).
"Altered Hydrology of the Missouri River and
Its Effects on Floodplain Forest Ecosystems." "It
is generally expected that construction and operation of a floodplain
protection project will alter a river system's hydrologic regimen. But
this altered regimen also has been suspected of having major, long-term
effects on the natural dynamics of riparian ecosystems that remain in
gaps between large reservoirs. This study confirms
that hypothesis by documenting some of those impacts in an area between
Garrison Dam and Oahe Reservoir on the Missouri River in south-central
North Dakota. Specifically, it examines post-dam
changes in river meandering rate, floodplain forest composition, tree
population structure, and tree growth rate...Results of this study should
have application to forests on other floodplains where the natural hydrologic
regimen has been altered by man. This research
should stimulate further study of riparian ecosystems so that a more general
assessment can be made of the ecological effects of floodplain protection."
National
Weather Service. "Advanced Hydrologic Prediction
Service: Omaha/Valley: Missouri
River at Omaha." The graph shows real-time
information on the stage (in feet) and flow of the Missouri River at Omaha.
Pegg,
M.A., C.L. Pierce, and A. Roy. (2003).
"Hydrological Alteration along the Missouri
River Basin: A Time Series Approach." Researchers
compared flow data before and after human alterations along the mainstem
Missouri River, finding that the alterations had changed the natural flow
of the River.
Perry,
C.A. (1993). "Effects
of Reservoirs on Flood Discharges: Floods in the
Upper Mississippi River Basin." "During
spring and summer 1993, record flooding inundated much of the upper Mississippi
River basin. The magnitude of the damages--in terms
of property, disrupted business, and personal trauma--was unmatched by
any other flood disaster in United States history. Property
damage alone is expected to exceed $10 billion. Damaged
highways and submerged roads disrupted overland transportation throughout
the flooded region. The Mississippi and the Missouri
Rivers were closed to navigation before, during, and after the flooding.
Millions of acres of productive farmland remained
under water for weeks during the growing season. Rills
and gullies in many tilled fields are the result of the severe erosion
that occurred throughout the Midwestern United States farmbelt. The
hydrologic effects of extended rainfall throughout the upper Midwestern
United States were severe and widespread. The banks
and channels of many rivers were severely eroded, and sediment was deposited
over large areas of the basin's flood plain. Record
flows submerged many areas that had not been affected by previous floods.
Industrial and agricultural areas were inundated,
which caused concern about the transport and fate of industrial chemicals,
sewage effluent, and agricultural chemicals in the floodwaters. The
extent and duration of the flooding caused numerous levees to fail. One
failed levee on the Raccoon River in Des Moines, Iowa, led to flooding
of the city's water treatment plant. As a result,
the city was without drinking water for 19 days.
As the Nation's principal water-science agency,
the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is in a unique position to provide an
immediate assessment of some of the hydrological effects of the 1993 flood.
The USGS maintains a hydrologic data network and
conducts extensive water-resources investigations nation wide. Long-term
data from this network and information on local and regional hydrology
provide the basis for identifying and documenting the effects of the flooding.
During the flood, the USGS provided continuous
streamflow and related information to the National Weather Service (NWS),
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), and many State and local agencies as part of its role to provide
basic information on the Nation's surface- and groundwater resources at
thousands of locations across the United States. The
NWS has used the data in forecasting floods and issuing flood warnings.
The data have been used by the Corps of Engineers
to operate water diversions, dams, locks, and levees. The
FEMA and many State and local emergency management agencies have used
USGS hydrologic data and NWS forecasts as part of the basis of their local
flood-response activities. In addition, USGS hydrologists
are conducting a series of investigations to document the effects of the
flooding and to improve understanding of the related processes. The
major initial findings from these studies will be reported in this Circular
series as results become available.
U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, Floods
in the Upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993, consists of individually published
chapters that will document the effects of the 1993 flooding. The
series includes data and findings on the magnitude and frequency of peak
discharges; precipitation; water-quality characteristics, including nutrients
and man-made contaminants; transport of sediment; assessment of sediment
deposited on flood plains; effects of inundation on groundwater quality;
flood-discharge volume; effects of reservoir storage on flood peaks; stream-channel
scour at selected bridges; extent of floodplain inundation; and documentation
of geomorphologic changes."
Stone, M.C.,
R.H. Hotchkiss, C.M.
Hubbard, T.A. Fontaine, L.O.
Mearns, and J.G. Arnold. (2001).
"Impacts of Climate Change on Missouri River
Basin Water Yield." The articles speaks of
the researchers' work on determining the estimated changes in basin water
yield from doubled CO2.
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. "Authorized Purposes." This
reports lists public laws related to projects being done on the Missouri
River.
U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers -Civil Works. “Missouri River Region
– Water Management Information.” "Water quality
bulletins/reports for the Missouri River (water quality and flow data;
daily, monthly, & yearly)."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. "Missouri River Mainstem
Reservoirs: Releases Need to Support Navigation." "The
purpose of this report is to document the methodology, assumptions, data,
and results of the analysis of mainstem reservoir releases
needed to support navigation requirements on the Missouri River. It
also provides background information on navigation flow targets, and an
analysis of how often each downstream key location serves as the control
point for the navigation target. This report was
prepared by the Reservoir Control Center, Northwestern Division -- Missouri
River Region, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It
is published as RCC Technical Report 2000-A."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. "Missouri River Mainstem
Reservoirs: Runoff Volumes for Annual Operating
Plan Studies." "This manual is an update
to a similar report titled 'MRD Technical Report A-75,
Missouri River Main Stem Reservoirs, Runoff Volumes Appropriate for Annual
Operating Plan Studies,' dated April 1975 and unpublished studies completed
in 1985 and 1993. The A-75 report should be referred
to for a history of runoff volumes used for Annual Operating Plan (AOP)
studies. The unpublished 1985 study was an update
to the 1975 report, although there were several differences in the method
of computing runoff volumes. The 1993 study and
the current study were completed following essentially the same steps
used in the 1975 study."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (2010) “2010 Omaha District
Flood Assessment." The Upper Missouri River
basin has a drainage area of 414,900 square miles, including about 9,700
square miles in Canada. Within the Omaha District boundaries, the basin
spans nine states including most of Montana, Wyoming, North and South
Dakota and Nebraska and smaller parts of Colorado, Minnesota, Iowa and
Missouri.
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (2010). "Missouri
River Mainstem Reservoirs: Missouri
River Stage Trend." "The purpose of this
report is to present the data used and results of the update of the Missouri
River stage trends analysis. Trends in river stages are presented for
tailwater locations, the navigation channel and headwater
locations. Tailwater locations
are subject to scour, generally resulting in a lowering of the river stages
over time. Headwater locations are subject to sediment
deposition, resulting in an increase in river stages over time. Locations
along the navigation channel are subject to a variety of factors that
can cause increases or decreases in stages over time."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (2008). "Missouri
River Mainstem Reservoirs: Runoff Volumes for Annual
Operating Plan Studies." "This manual
is an update to a similar report titled 'MRD Technical
Report O-98, Missouri River Main Stem Reservoirs, Runoff Volumes for Annual
Operating Plan Studies,' dated October 1998, and the 2004 addendum to
RCC Technical Report O-98. The
O-98 report provides a history of runoff volumes used for AOP
studies. This report includes nine additional years
of runoff from 1998-2006 since the publication of the O-98 report."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (2007). "Missouri
River Mainstem Reservoirs: Missouri
River Stage Trends." "The purpose of
this report is to present the data used and results of the update of the
Missouri River stage trends analysis. Trends in river stages are presented
for tailwater locations, the navigation channel and
headwater locations. Tailwater
locations are subject to scour, generally resulting in a lowering of the
river stages over time. Headwater locations are
subject to sediment deposition, resulting in an increase in river stages
over time. Locations along the navigation channel
are subject to a variety of factors that can cause increases or decreases
in stages over time."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (2005). "Missouri
River Mainstem Reservoir System: Missouri
River Incremental Flows below Gavins Point Dam." The
purpose of this report is to determine the incremental flows at key locations
for the Missouri River below Gavins Point Dam. Results
of this analysis include the development of statistical data for daily
and monthly reach inflows for five conditions of statistical significance.
In addition, the average monthly flow data for
each reach, as well as the summation of reaches at key locations, was
sorted and ranked by month and year."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (2004). "Missouri
River Mainstem Reservoir System: Missouri
River Stage Trends." "The purpose of this report is to present
the data used and results of the update of the Missouri River stage trends
analysis. Trends in river stages are presented
for tailwater locations, the navigation channel and
headwater locations. Tailwater locations are subject
to scour, generally resulting in a lowering of the river stages over time.
Headwater locations are subject to sediment deposition,
resulting in an increase in river stages over time. Locations
along the navigation channel are subject to a variety of factors that
can cause increases or decreases in stages over time."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (1999). "Missouri
River Mainstem Reservoirs: Hydrologic
Statistics." "The purpose of this report is to describe the
methodology, assumptions, data used, and results of the statistical analyses
of hydrologic data for the Missouri River Main Stem Missouri River Reservoir
System. Results of this analysis include the development
of hydrologic statistics consisting of pool and release duration relationships,
pool-probability relationships, and release probability relationships
for each of the six main stem reservoir projects. The
six projects comprising the Missouri River Main Stem Reservoir system
include Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend, Fort Randall and Gavins Point.
Pool duration and release duration relationships
were based on observed and modeled data from historical reservoir operation
records. Pool-probability and release-probability
relationships were derived from historical records reflecting actual reservoir
regulation and from the results of model simulation studies reflecting
current regulation criteria over a long term hydrologic record. Results
of these analyses were compared with the previously developed relationships
to determine the recommended or adopted pool-probability and release probability
relationships. This report contains a summary of
the current reservoir regulation philosophy as well as a description of
actual past regulation during some of the more significant high runoff
years. It also contains a description of the assumptions
used in the long term computer model simulation studies."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Master
Water Control Manuals. "The Missouri
River Master Water Control Manual is the guide used by the United States
Army Corps of Engineers to operate the system of six dams on the Missouri
River main stem reservoir system, Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend,
Fort Randall, and Gavins Point Dams. First published
in 1960 and subsequently revised during the 1970s, the Master Manual was
revised in March 2004 to include more stringent drought conservation measures."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (1979). "Missouri
River Main Stem Reservoir System Reservoir Regulation Manual." "The
Missouri River Main Stem System of reservoirs consists of six reservoirs,
Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend, Fort Randall, and Gavins Point, constructed
by the Corps of Engineers on the main stem of the Missouri River for flood
control, navigation, irrigation, power, water supply, water quality control,
recreation, and fish and wildlife. In order to achieve the multi-purpose
benefits for which the main stem reservoirs were authorized and constructed,
they must be operated as a hydraulically and electrically integrated system.
Therefore, this master manual presents the basic
objectives and the plans for their optimum fulfillment, with supporting
basic data."
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. (1978). "Missouri
River Main Stem Reservoir System Reservoir Regulation Manual." "This
manual is one of the 7 volumes being prepared for the main stem system
of reservoirs as follow:
Volume 1: Master Manual
Volume 2: Fort Peck
Volume 3: Garrison
Volume 4: Oahe
Volume 5: Big Bend
Volume 6: Fort Randall
Volume 7: Gavins Point
The Missouri River Main Stem System of reservoirs
consists of six projects, Fort Peck (Fort Peck Lake), Garrison (Lake Sakakawea),
Oahe (Lake Oahe), Big Bend (Lake Sharpe), Fort Randall (Lake Francis Case),
and Gavins Point (Lewis and Clark Lake) constructed by the Corps of Engineers
for the purpose of flood control and other multiple use purposes. In
order to achieve the multipurpose benefits for which the main stem reservoirs
were authorized and constructed, they must be regulated as a hydraulically
and electrically integrated system. Therefore,
the Master Manual presents the basic operational objectives and the plans
for their optimum fulfillment, with supporting basic data."
U.S.G.S.
Columbia Environmental Research Center. (1998). “Lower Missouri River
Ecosystem Initiative." "(LMREI)
began in 1994 at the U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Environmental research
Center in Columbia, Missouri. The goal of the LMREI
was to partner with others to facilitate the transfer of Missouri River
scientific data and other information needed by river management agencies
and local, state, and Federal decision makers."
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