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Benson, N.G.
(Ed.) (1988). "The
Missouri River: The Resources, Their Uses, and
Values." The article describes the Missouri
River and modifications made to it and also its current status. The
authors also describe why the river is important in terms of habitat.
Bragg,
T.B., and A.K. Tatschl.
(1977). "Changes in
Flood-Plain Vegetation and Land Use along the Missouri River from 1826
to 1972." The article speaks of how extensive
bank-stabilization and channelization activities initiated by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers is related to a noted change in vegetation and
land use along an 800-km portion of the Missouri River floodplain.
Burke, V.V.,
L.R. Shay, and S.B.
Whitmore. (1997). "Missouri
Natural Resources Bibliography." "The
Missouri River Natural Resources Bibliography contains 2,232 references
pertinent to the Missouri River and its floodplain on the subjects of
ecology, biology, geology, geography, hydrology, sociology, policy and
law. It was produced through the U.S.G.S.
Environmental and Contaminants Research Center's Lower Missouri River
Ecosystem initiative.
Carlson, D.M.,
W.L. Pflieger, L. Trail, and P.S.
Haverland. (1985). "Distribution,
Biology, and Hybridization of Scaphirhynchus
albus and S.
platorynchus in the Missouri and Mississippi
Rivers." "Scaphirhynchus
albus and S.
platorynchus were studied in Missouri during
1978-1979 to assess their distribution and abundance, to obtain information
on their life histories, and to identify existing or potential threats
to their survival."
Committee
on Missouri River Ecosystem Science, National Research Council. “The
Missouri River Ecosystem: Exploring the Prospects for Recovery."
“This report resulted from a study conducted at
the request of the U.S. EPA and U.S. ACE. Missouri
River History, Management, and Legal Setting; Missouri River and Floodplain
Ecology; Values of the Missouri River System and Operations; Adaptive
Management: Enhancing Scientific Inquiry and Policy Formulation; An alternative
for Missouri River Recovery; Recovering the Missouri River Ecosystem;
Appendix A: Missouri River Aquatic Species; Appendix
B: State and Federal Rare, Threatened, or Endangered
Species of the Missouri River Floodplain. 2002, 188 pp.”
Fisher, H.A.
(1962). "Some Fishes of the Lower Missouri
River." This paper describes a survey, conducted
by the Conservation Commission with the cooperation of the University
of Missouri, of fishes done on the Missouri River at stations between
the Iowa-Missouri state line and the confluence with the Mississippi River.
Sixty species of fishes were collected.
Funk, J.L.,
and J.W. Robinson. (1974). "Changes
in the Channel of the Lower Missouri River and Effects on Fish and Wildlife."
The article notes that fish and wildlife habitat
have been lost over the last 90 years of channel changes in the lower
Missouri River.
Galat,
D.L., C.R. Berry, W.M.
Gardner, J.C. Hendrickson, G.E.
Mestl, G.J. Power, C. Stone, and
M.R. Winston. (2005). "Spatiotemporal
Patterns and Changes in Missouri River Fishes." This
article discusses the alterations in the Missouri River over the past
century and mentions the various fish populations found there.
Gardner,
W.M. (1998). "Middle
Missouri Fisheries Evaluations." "A study
to evaluate the effects on the Marias River fishery resulting from a new
flow regime below Tiber Dam was continued. Marias
River water temperatures at the two lowest stations averaged 52.8 and
61.3 F for the critical spawning months of May and June and appeared to
be at near ambient temperatures. A total of 4,267
fish larvae were collected in the study area including 40 larval sauger/walleye.
Six Scaphirhynchus
larvae were collected in the Teton River, in addition to those found in
the Marias and Missouri rivers, making this the first record of sturgeon
spawning in the Teton. A total of 6,733 fish were
sampled in the lower Marias River and the adjacent confluence area of
the Missouri River, and goldeye and mountain whitefish
comprised 52% of the total. Sauger spring catch
rates in the Marias confluence area have declined from an average of 18.6
fish/hr of the period 1979-88 compared to an average
of 3.6 fish/hr measured for 1996-97. One
pallid sturgeon was captured while conducting the biannual netting survey
in the Middle Missouri River. Fifty hatchery reared
juvenile shovelnose sturgeon were implanted with radio transmitters and
released into the Middle Missouri River; their movements and habitat use
were monitored. Sturgeon downstream movement distance
averaged 2.8 miles, and upstream movement averaged 0.5 miles. The
transmittered shovelnose preferred deep, moderately
slow areas with a sandy substrate: river conditions
where the transmittered sturgeon were located averaged
9.1 feet deep, 74% relative depth and 2.1 fps column velocity."
Gardner, W.M.
(1994). "Missouri River
Pallid Sturgeon Inventory." "The author
summarizes 5 years of study including results of 1993 field season where
6 'new' and 3 recaptured pallids were taken. A
total of 24 pallids had been observed during the 5
years of study ranging from 13.2 to 50.0 lb and averaging
33.4 lb. All pallids
were caught in the lower 60 miles of the study area above the headwaters
of Fort Peck Reservoir in pool areas with sandy substrate."
Groen,
C.L., and J.C. Schmulbach.
(1978). "The Sport
Fishery of the Unchannelized and Channelized Missouri
River." The article tells about a catch survey
done on the Missouri River from July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973. The
survey revealed the number of angler hours the fishery supported and the
catch and harvest rate averages per angler. The
survey also showed that sauger, channel catfish, and white bass were the
most abundant species creeled in the unchannelized
river compared to carp, channel catfish, and freshwater drum in the channelized
section.
Hesse, L.W.
(1995). "Water Allocation
for Ecosystem Management of the Missouri River." This
paper speaks of the flood control efforts initiated on the Missouri River
in 1937 and different plans to minimize the floods and facilitate navigation.
Hesse, L.W.
(1987). "Taming the
wild Missouri River: What has it cost?" Fisheries,
12, 2-9 (doi. 10.1577/1548-8446(1987)012<0002:TTWMRW>2.0.CO;2).
The article speaks of the issues surrounding the
Missouri River alteration projects and the possible detrimental environmental
effects that those projects caused.
Hesse,
L.W., and B.A. Newcomb. (1982).
"On Estimating the Abundance of Fish in the
Upper Channelized Missouri River." The paper
talked about the usefulness of population estimates of fish in large rivers
to be able to evaluate the impact of man's activities on sport and commercial
fish. Winter proved to be the best sampling time,
and reliable population estimates were made by electrofishing
during the winter of 1979-1980 and 1980-1981.
Hesse,
L.W., G.E. Mestl,
and J.W. Robinson. (1993). "Status
of Selected Fishes in the Missouri River in Nebraska with Recommendations
for Their Recovery." "Population density
of five species of chubs and two species of minnows in the Missouri River
in Nebraska has been reduced by as much as 95% since 1971. Burbot have
been nearly extirpated, sauger have been greatly reduced, and blue catfish
are rare. Reasons for the decline of these species
include removal of snags from the river; cessation of organic matter and
sediment transport because of the construction of large dams on the mainstem
and tributaries; cutoff of floodplain connection through channelization,
degradation, and the cessation of flooding; alteration of the natural
hydrograph to meet the need for commercial navigation;
and reduction of the natural water temperature regime because of deep
release of cold water from the large reservoirs. We propose remedial actions
for each of these ecological changes, and we propose listing of several
species as endangered in Nebraska."
Hesse,
L.W., G.R. Chaffin,
and J. Brabander. “Missouri
River Mitigation: A System Approach." Cited
by: James R. Sedell, Gordon H. Reeves, F. Richard Hauer,
Jack A. Stanford, and Charles P. Hawkins. (1990). “Channelization
of the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to the mouth at St.
Louis directly eliminated 192,071 hectares (474,600 acres) of aquatic
and terrestrial habitat from the active erosion zone; agricultural and
urban encroachment has affected an additional 728,460 hectares (1.8 million
acres). The Water Resources and Development Act
of 1986 authorized a mitigation package which would result in the acquisition
of 12,100 hectares (29,900 acres) of habitat; this mitigation would replace
only 6.3% of lost habitat. Development of this
land should proceed in a manner consistent with the view that the river
is an ecosystem. The system approach suggests that:
(1) successful mitigation is related to the extent
to which natural channel and floodplain morphology and vegetative cover
are replaced; (2) mitigation must be an ongoing program which recognizes
need beyond that which has already identified; (3) a “Trust Fund” is an
appropriate instrument to provide for the allocation of funds for recovery
projects; and (4) system users should help to pay for fish and wildlife
recovery plans.”
Hesse,
L.W., J.C. Schmulbach,
J.M. Carr, K.D. Keenlyne,
D.G. Unkenholz, J.W.
Robinson, and G.E. Mestl. (1989).
"Missouri River Fishery Resources in Relation
to Past, Present, and Future Stresses." "Nearly
one-third of the Missouri River has been impounded, one-third channelized,
and the hydrologic cycle, including temporal flow volume and sediment
transport, has been altered on the remainder. The
floodplain along the lower one-third has been converted from riparian
forest and prairie to agriculture. The changes
in basin and floodplain physiography and channel morphology have reduced
commercial fish harvest by more than 80% and are implicated in the demise
of native species. In some instances, nonnative
fish have replaced endemic species in the mainstream reservoirs, where
breeding and maturing habitat for riverine species has been eliminated.
Suggested solutions include a holistic approach
to future research and management."
Johnson,
W.C. (1998). "Adjustment
of Riparian Vegetation to River Regulation in the Great Plains, USA."
The article talks about the differences between
the Missouri and Platte rivers in terms of the way "riparian vegetation
responds and adjusts to regulation by dams and diversions."
Johnson, W.C.,
R.A. Mayes, and T.L.
Sharik. (1982). "Use
of Vegetation in Delineating Wetland Borders in Upper Missouri River Basin:
North-Central United States." "Wetland-nonwetland
transition zones in the Missouri River Basin of the north-central United
States were studied in seven wetlands ranging in size, permanence, and
salinity to develop an efficient sampling methodology that utilized vegetation
data to delineate wetland boundaries. Sampling
methodology suggested for use in the study area (200-km radius of Sioux
Falls, South Dakota) is a combination of the belt transect method (contiguous
quadrats) to estimate cover by species and a cover board to measure vertical
structure. The methods require a combined sampling
time of about 9 min/m of transect, corresponding to
a sampling time of 3.2 hr for a transect of average
length. A streamlined methodology was also devised
whereby sampling time could be cut in half. General
upper and lower borders of the transition zone were determined from direct
gradient analysis graphs. Specific borders were
determined from the occurrence of compositional dichotomies displayed
in ordination models."
Jordan, D.S.,
and S.E. Meek. (1885). "List
of Fishes Collected in Iowa and Missouri in August, 1884, with Descriptions
of Three New Species." "During the months
of July, August, and September 1884, a series of explorations of the streams
of the south and southwest was undertaken under the direction of the United
States National Museum and the United States Fish Commission by Professor
Jordan, assisted by Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, Prof. Joseph Swain, and
Mr. Seth E. Meek. The present
paper is the first of a series intended to place on record the result
of these explorations. It includes the streams
examined by the present writers, namely, the Des Moines, the Chariton,
the Hundred and Two, the Missouri and several tributaries of the La Mine
and the Osage. Nearly all the specimens mentioned
were obtained with a fine-meshed seine of large size. These
are now in the United States National Museum, with the exception of series
retained for the Indiana University and the Academy of Natural Sciences
at Philadelphia."
Kallemeyn,
L.W., and J.F. Novotny.
(1977). "Fish and Food
Organisms in Various Habitats of the Missouri River in South Dakota, Nebraska
and Iowa." The article discusses the various
fish species found within the unchannelized and channelized
portions of the Missouri River, including the availability and types of
food organisms present, and the different types of habitat preferred by
the fish.
Mestl,
G.E. (2001). "Missouri
River Creel Survey." "This report describes
Missouri River activities and results related to a channelized Missouri
River creel survey conducted from April 2 through October 14, 2005. This
is the sixth of a planned annual creel survey to be conducted on alternating
sections of the channelized Missouri River to measure changes in recreational
fishing activity, especially those changes due to large scale habitat
restoration efforts."
Morris,
L.A., R.N. Langemeier, T.R.
Russell, and A. Witt Jr. (1968).
“Effects of Main Stem Impoundments and Channelization upon the Limnology
of the Missouri River, Nebraska." “Rigid control
has been imposed upon the Missouri River by impounding over one-half of
the upper 1500 miles and by channeling most of the remaining river within
permanent, narrow banks. These controls have caused environmental changes
in the lower Missouri River, as shown by this study, of adjacent unchannelized
and channelized sections of river below the main stem impoundments. Impoundments
have regulated flow by evening maximum and minimum discharges and improved
downstream water quality by decreasing turbidity and indirectly raising
the dissolved oxygen. In addition the impoundments have contributed a
limnetic cladoceran, Leptodora
kindti, to the drift and have affected the distribution
of benthos through the modification of turbidity. Channelization
of the river has reduced both the size and variety of aquatic habitat
by destroying key productive areas. Average standing crops of benthos
were similar in unchannelized and channelized river
(0.63 and 0.67 pounds per acre, respectively) but the benthic area had
been reduced 67% by channelization. In the channelized river the average
standing crop of drift was 8 g per acre-foot while in the unaltered river
the average standing crop was 68 g per acre-foot. There was little similarity
between the organisms of the drift and benthos; however there was similarity
between the organisms in the drift and the aufwuchs.”
Newcomb, B.A.
(1989). "Winter Abundance
of Channel Catfish in the Channelized Missouri River, Nebraska."
The article discusses researchers' efforts to monitor
population sizes of channel catfish and compare their estimates to actual
densities of catfish collected in the experiments. The researchers also
noted the catfish's seasonal population migrations to tributary streams.
Petty,
J.D., J.N. Huckins, C.E.
Orazio, J.A. Lebo,
B.C. Poulton, and R.W. Gale. (1993).
"Assessment of Missouri River Habitat Quality
with Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs)."
"The semipermeable membrane device (SPMD)
technology (developed at and patented by the National Fisheries Contaminant
Research Center [NFCRC]) was used to define the presence
of organic contaminants in the main stem of the Missouri River."
Power, G., F. Rickman,
J. Hendrickson, J. Lee, C. Grondahl, and D. Bruning.
(2000). "Cross the
Wide Missouri: Significant Missouri River System
Biological Sites." This report speaks to the
significant changes to the Missouri River System that have come from the
dams and navigation channels that have been added to the system over the
past 50 years.
Ruelle,
R., and K.D. Keenlyne. (1993).
"Contaminants in Missouri River Pallid Sturgeon."
The article speaks about the change in pallid sturgeon
habitat associated with the presence of large dams. The
researchers were looking at identifying and quantifying "inorganic
and organochlorine compounds in pallid sturgeon tissues from the upper
Missouri River to assess whether contaminants could be associated with
reduced reproduction."
State of Nebraska
Game and Parks Commission, Fisheries Division. (2004).
"Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration."
"Annual fish population monitoring of the
Missouri River between 1 March 2003 and 29 February 2004 included gill
netting for paddlefish in the lower unchannelized reach,
trawling for paddlefish in Lewis and Clark Lake, hoop netting for channel
catfish in the lower unchannelized and upper channelized
reaches and electrofishing for flathead catfish in
the upper channelized and lower channelized reaches. There
was a slight increase in the PSD value for channel
catfish collected in 25 mm hoop nets on the lower unchannelized
river since 2001. The PSD values
for channel catfish collected with 25 mm mesh hoop nets from the upper
channelized and with 38 mm mesh hoop nets from the lower unchannelized
and upper channelized declined since 2001. The
PSD values for flathead catfish from the upper unchannelized
and lower channelized sections increased from 2001 to 2003. Abundance
of young-of-year paddlefish from Lewis and Clark Lake was 0.20 paddlefish
per minute, lower than the long term average of 0.29 paddlefish per minute.
Angler surveys included a roving creel from
Camp Creek to the Kansas state line and postcard surveys for the paddlefish
archery and snagging seasons. Paddlefish anglers
harvested an estimated 582 paddlefish during the 2003 snagging season.
Selected chute (Tobacco Island, Hamburg Bend
and Langdon Bend) and main channel study (Hamburg Bend,
Tobacco Island, Langdon Bend and Middle Decatur Bend)
and control sites (Lower Hamburg Bend, Goose Island, Lincoln Bend and
Upper Louisville Bend) were surveyed using seines and benthic trawls."
U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. Master
Water Control Manuals. "The Missouri
River Master Water Control Manual is the guide used by the United States
Army Corps of Engineers to operate the system of six dams on the Missouri
River main stem reservoir system, Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend,
Fort Randall, and Gavins Point Dams. First published
in 1960 and subsequently revised during the 1970s, the Master Manual was
revised in March 2004 to include more stringent drought conservation measures."
Vaubel,
J.A. (1973). "Vegetation
Development in Relation to Age of River Stabilization Structures Along
a Channelized Segment of the Missouri River." "During
the summer of 1974, the authors sampled 45 sites of vegetation representative
of successional trends in plant communities along the Missouri River floodplain
from Sioux City, Iowa, to Rulo, Nebraska. The
objective was to relate vegetation succession to age of river stabilization
structures."
Wanner,
G.A., and R.A. Klumb.
(2009). “Asian Carp in the
Missouri River: Analysis from Multiple Missouri
River Habitat and Fisheries Programs.” "Bighead
carp Hypophthalmichthys
nobilis, silver carp H.
molitrix, black carp Mylopharyngodon
piceus, and grass carp Ctenopharyngodon
idella, collectively referred to as Asian carps,
are invasive species that were either accidentally or intentionally introduced
into the Mississippi River basin. The expansion of Asian carp into the
Missouri River is not well understood and knowledge of population characteristics
within this river were lacking. The objectives of this study were to describe
the relative abundance, size structure, and spatial and temporal trends
of Asian carp using multiple gears from three long-term fish community
monitoring programs in the Missouri River downstream of Gavins Point Dam,
South Dakota and Nebraska from 2003 to 2007."
Water
Science and Technology Board, Committee on Missouri River Ecosystem Science,
Division on Earth and Life Studies. (2002). "The
Missouri River Ecosystem Exploring the Prospects for Recovery." This
articles "resulted from a study conducted at the request of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
The nation's longest river, the Missouri River
and its floodplain ecosystem experienced substantial environmental and
hydrologic changes during the twentieth century. The
context of Missouri River dam and reservoir system management is marked
by sharp differences between stakeholders regarding the rivers proper
management regime. The management agencies have
been challenged to determine the appropriate balance between these competing
interests. This Water Science and Technology Board
report reviews the ecological state of the river and floodplain ecosystem,
scientific research of the ecosystem, and the prospects for implementing
an adaptive management approach, all with a view toward helping move beyond
ongoing scientific and other differences. The report
notes that continued ecological degradation of the ecosystem is certain
unless some portion of pre-settlement river flows and processes were restored.
The report also includes recommendations to enhance
scientific knowledge through carefully planned and monitored river management
actions and the enactment of a Missouri River Protection and Recovery
Act."
Weaver, J.E.
(1960). "Floodplain
Vegetation of the Central Missouri Valley and Contacts of Woodland with
Prairie." This article talks about the 1964-1965
studies done on "five different-aged communities of Populus
deltoides adjacent to the Missouri River in
southeastern South Dakota." |